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ABAP Keyword Documentation → ABAP − Reference → Declarations → Declaration Statements → Classes and Interfaces → CLASS → CLASS - DEFINITION →
CLASS - class_options
Syntax
... [PUBLIC]
[INHERITING FROM superclass]
[ABSTRACT]
[FINAL]
[CREATE {PUBLIC|PROTECTED|PRIVATE}]
[SHARED MEMORY ENABLED]
[FOR TESTING]
[[GLOBAL] FRIENDS class1 class2 ...
intf1 intf2 ...].
Extras:
1. ... PUBLIC
2. ... INHERITING FROM superclass
3. ... ABSTRACT
4. ... FINAL
5. ... CREATE {PUBLIC|PROTECTED|PRIVATE}
6. ... SHARED MEMORY ENABLED
7. ... [GLOBAL] FRIENDS class1 class2 ... intf1 intf2 ...
Effect
Definition of the properties of a class. A test class for
ABAP
unit is created with addition FOR TESTING.
... PUBLIC
Effect
The PUBLIC addition specifies that the class class is a global class in the class library. The addition PUBLIC can only be applied to one class in a
class pool. This addition is generated by
Class Builder when a
global class is created. Any class that does not have the PUBLIC addition applied to it is a local class in its program.
Notes
... INHERITING FROM superclass
Effect
The INHERITING FROM addition specifies that the class class is derived from the superclass superclass and as such is a direct subclass of it. The superclass superclass can be any non-final class that is visible at this point.
Each class can only have one superclass, but multiple direct subclasses (single inheritance). Every class without the INHERITING FROM addition inherits implicitly from the predefined empty, abstract class object. All classes in ABAP Objects form an inheritance tree, in which there is a unique path from each class to the root object object.
The class class adopts all components of superclass, without changing their visibility sections. Only the components of
public and
protected visibility sections
are visible in the subclass. The properties of the adopted components cannot be changed. In the subclass,
additional components can be declared and inherited methods redefined – that is, they can be reimplemented without the interface being modified.
Note
The public and protected components of all classes in a path in the inheritance tree are in the same
namespace. New components in a subclass cannot have the same name as a public or protected component that has been inherited from the superclasses.
... ABSTRACT
Effect
The ABSTRACT addition defines an abstract class class. No instances can be generated from an abstract class. To use the instance components of an abstract class, a
concrete subclass of the class must be instantiated.
... FINAL
Effect
The FINAL addition defines a final class class.
No subclasses can be derived from a final class. All methods of a final class are implicitly final and cannot be explicitly declared as final.
Note
In classes that are both abstract and final, only the static components can be used. Although instance
components can be declared, they cannot be used. Specifying ABSTRACT and FINAL together therefore is useful only for
static classes.
Example
In this example, an abstract class c1 and a final class c2 are defined, such that c2 inherits from c1. c1 is implicitly a subclass of the empty class object. In c2, m1 can be accessed but not a1.
CLASS c1 DEFINITION ABSTRACT.
PROTECTED SECTION.
METHODS m1.
PRIVATE SECTION.
DATA a1 TYPE string VALUE `Attribute A1 of class C1`.
ENDCLASS.
CLASS c2 DEFINITION INHERITING FROM c1 FINAL.
PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS m2.
ENDCLASS.
CLASS c1 IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD m1.
cl_demo_output=>display_text( a1 ).
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.
CLASS c2 IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD m2.
m1( ).
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.
DATA oref TYPE REF TO c2.
START-OF-SELECTION.
CREATE OBJECT oref.
oref->m2( ).
... CREATE {PUBLIC|PROTECTED|PRIVATE}
Effect
The CREATE addition specifies the context in which the class class is instantiated – that is, where the statement CREATE OBJECT can be executed for this class and in which visibility section the instance constructor of the class can be declared.
Whether a subclass can be instantiated depends on its immediate superclass:
The statement METHODS constructor for the declaration of the instance constructor of a local class can be listed in all
visibility sections
which are of general instantiability or of the instantiability used in the CREATE
addition. For global classes, only a declaration in the public visibility section is feasible, for technical reasons.
Notes
... SHARED MEMORY ENABLED
Effect
The SHARED MEMORY ENABLED addition defines a shared memory-enabled class whose instances can be stored in shared memory as shared objects.
The SHARED MEMORY ENABLED addition can only be applied to a subclass if all
its superclasses have been defined with this addition. Subclasses do not necessarily inherit this addition from their superclasses.
Notes
... [GLOBAL] FRIENDS class1 class2 ... intf1 intf2 ...
Effect
The FRIENDS addition makes the classes class1 class2 ... or the interfaces intf1 intf2 ... friends of the class class. At the same time, all subclasses of the classes class1 class2 ..., all classes that implement one of the interfaces intf1 intf2 ..., and all interfaces that include one of the interfaces intf1 intf2 ... as a component interface become friends of the class class. At least one class or one interface must be specified.
The friends of a class have unrestricted access to all components of the class, regardless of the visibility section and the READ-ONLY addition. Friends can generate instances of the class without any restrictions.
The friends of class are not automatically made friends of the subclasses of class. The FRIENDS addition does not make the class class a friend of the friends of the other class.
Without the GLOBAL addition, all classes and interfaces that are visible at this point can be specified for class1 class2... and intf1 intf2 .... If global classes and interfaces from the class library are made friends, make sure that the local classes of ABAP programs are not visible in these global classes. The components of a local class class cannot be accessed statically by these friends.
The GLOBAL addition is only allowed if the PUBLIC addition is also used – that is, where the class is a global class of a
class pool. Other global
classes and interfaces from the class library can be listed after GLOBAL FRIENDS. This addition is generated when a global class is created by
Class Builder if friends are entered on the appropriate tab.
Note
The addition FRIENDS must be specified as the last addition after all other additions.
Example
In this example, the interface i1 and therefore the implementing class c2 are friends of the class c1. The class c2 can instantiate c1 and access its private component a1.
INTERFACE i1.
...
ENDINTERFACE.
CLASS c1 DEFINITION CREATE PRIVATE FRIENDS i1.
PRIVATE SECTION.
DATA a1 TYPE c LENGTH 10 VALUE 'Class 1'.
ENDCLASS.
CLASS c2 DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION.
INTERFACES i1.
METHODS m2.
ENDCLASS.
CLASS c2 IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD m2.
DATA oref TYPE REF TO c1.
CREATE OBJECT oref.
cl_demo_output=>display_text( oref->a1 ).
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.