"""Functions for generating quantum operators.
"""
import math
import functools
import itertools
import operator
import numpy as np
import scipy.sparse as sp
from scipy.special import comb
from ..utils import isiterable, concat, unique
from ..core import (qarray, make_immutable, get_thread_pool,
par_reduce, isreal, qu, eye, kron, ikron)
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
# gates and other simple operators #
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
[docs]@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=16)
def spin_operator(label, S=1 / 2, **kwargs):
"""Generate a general spin-operator.
Parameters
----------
label : str
The type of operator, can be one of six options:
- ``{'x', 'X'}``, x-spin operator.
- ``{'y', 'Y'}``, y-spin operator.
- ``{'z', 'Z'}``, z-spin operator.
- ``{'+', 'p'}``, Raising operator.
- ``{'-', 'm'}``, Lowering operator.
- ``{'i', 'I'}``, identity operator.
S : float, optional
The spin of particle to act on, default to spin-1/2.
kwargs
Passed to :func:`quimbify`.
Returns
-------
S : immutable operator
The spin operator.
See Also
--------
pauli
Examples
--------
>>> spin_operator('x')
qarray([[0. +0.j, 0.5+0.j],
[0.5+0.j, 0. +0.j]])
>>> qu.spin_operator('+', S=1)
qarray([[0. +0.j, 1.41421356+0.j, 0. +0.j],
[0. +0.j, 0. +0.j, 1.41421356+0.j],
[0. +0.j, 0. +0.j, 0. +0.j]])
>>> qu.spin_operator('Y', sparse=True)
<2x2 sparse matrix of type '<class 'numpy.complex128'>'
with 2 stored elements in Compressed Sparse Row format>
"""
D = int(2 * S + 1)
op = np.zeros((D, D), dtype=complex)
ms = np.linspace(S, -S, D)
label = label.lower()
if label in {'x', 'y'}:
for i in range(D - 1):
c = 0.5 * (S * (S + 1) - (ms[i] * ms[i + 1]))**0.5
op[i, i + 1] = -1.0j * c if (label == 'y') else c
op[i + 1, i] = 1.0j * c if (label == 'y') else c
elif label == 'z':
for i in range(D):
op[i, i] = ms[i]
elif label in {'+', 'p', '-', 'm'}:
for i in range(D - 1):
c = (S * (S + 1) - (ms[i] * ms[i + 1]))**0.5
if label in {'+', 'p'}:
op[i, i + 1] = c
else:
op[i + 1, i] = c
elif label in {'i', 'I'}:
np.fill_diagonal(op, 1.0)
else:
raise ValueError(f"Label '{label}'' not understood, should be one of "
"``['X', 'Y', 'Z', '+', '-', 'I']``.")
op = qu(np.real_if_close(op), **kwargs)
make_immutable(op)
return op
[docs]@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=8)
def pauli(xyz, dim=2, **kwargs):
"""Generates the pauli operators for dimension 2 or 3.
Parameters
----------
xyz : str
Which spatial direction, upper or lower case from ``{'I', 'X', 'Y',
'Z'}``.
dim : int, optional
Dimension of spin operator (e.g. 3 for spin-1), defaults to 2 for
spin half.
kwargs
Passed to ``quimbify``.
Returns
-------
P : immutable operator
The pauli operator.
See Also
--------
spin_operator
"""
xyzmap = {0: 'i', 'i': 'i', 'I': 'i',
1: 'x', 'x': 'x', 'X': 'x',
2: 'y', 'y': 'y', 'Y': 'y',
3: 'z', 'z': 'z', 'Z': 'z'}
opmap = {('i', 2): lambda: eye(2, **kwargs),
('x', 2): lambda: qu([[0, 1],
[1, 0]], **kwargs),
('y', 2): lambda: qu([[0, -1j],
[1j, 0]], **kwargs),
('z', 2): lambda: qu([[1, 0],
[0, -1]], **kwargs),
('i', 3): lambda: eye(3, **kwargs),
('x', 3): lambda: qu([[0, 1, 0],
[1, 0, 1],
[0, 1, 0]], **kwargs) / 2**.5,
('y', 3): lambda: qu([[0, -1j, 0],
[1j, 0, -1j],
[0, 1j, 0]], **kwargs) / 2**.5,
('z', 3): lambda: qu([[1, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, -1]], **kwargs)}
op = opmap[(xyzmap[xyz], dim)]()
# Operator is cached, so make sure it cannot be modified
make_immutable(op)
return op
[docs]@functools.lru_cache(8)
def hadamard(dtype=complex, sparse=False):
"""The Hadamard gate.
"""
H = qu([[1., 1.],
[1., -1.]], dtype=dtype, sparse=sparse) / 2**0.5
make_immutable(H)
return H
[docs]@functools.lru_cache(128)
def phase_gate(phi, dtype=complex, sparse=False):
"""The generalized qubit phase-gate, which adds phase ``phi`` to the
``|1>`` state.
"""
Rp = qu([[1., 0.],
[0., np.exp(1.0j * phi)]], dtype=dtype, sparse=sparse)
make_immutable(Rp)
return Rp
[docs]@functools.lru_cache(8)
def T_gate(dtype=complex, sparse=False):
"""The T-gate (pi/8 gate).
"""
return phase_gate(math.pi / 4, dtype=dtype, sparse=sparse)
[docs]@functools.lru_cache(8)
def S_gate(dtype=complex, sparse=False):
"""The S-gate (phase gate).
"""
return phase_gate(math.pi / 2, dtype=dtype, sparse=sparse)
[docs]@functools.lru_cache(128)
def rotation(phi, xyz='Z', dtype=complex, sparse=False):
"""The single qubit rotation gate.
"""
R = math.cos(phi / 2) * pauli('I') - 1.0j * math.sin(phi / 2) * pauli(xyz)
R = qu(R, dtype=dtype, sparse=sparse)
make_immutable(R)
return R
Rx = functools.partial(rotation, xyz='x')
Ry = functools.partial(rotation, xyz='y')
Rz = functools.partial(rotation, xyz='z')
[docs]@functools.lru_cache(128)
def U_gate(theta, phi, lamda, dtype=complex, sparse=False):
r"""Arbitrary unitary single qubit gate.
.. math::
U_3(\theta, \phi, \lambda) =
\begin{bmatrix}
\cos(\theta / 2) & - e^{i \lambda} \sin(\theta / 2) \\
e^{i \phi} \sin(\theta / 2) & e^{i(\lambda + \phi)}\cos(\theta / 2)
\end{bmatrix}
Parameters
----------
theta : float
Angle between 0 and pi.
phi : float
Angle between 0 and 2 pi.
lamba : float
Angle between 0 and 2 pi.
Returns
-------
U : (2, 2) array
The unitary matrix, cached.
"""
from cmath import cos, sin, exp
c2, s2 = cos(theta / 2), sin(theta / 2)
U = qu(
[[c2, -exp(1j * lamda) * s2],
[exp(1j * phi) * s2, exp(1j * (lamda + phi)) * c2]],
dtype=dtype, sparse=sparse
)
make_immutable(U)
return U
[docs]@functools.lru_cache(4)
def Xsqrt(**qu_opts):
r"""Rx(pi / 2).
.. math::
X^{\frac{1}{2}} =
\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}
\begin{bmatrix}
1 & - i \\
- i & 1
\end{bmatrix}
"""
return Rx(math.pi / 2, **qu_opts)
[docs]@functools.lru_cache(4)
def Ysqrt(**qu_opts):
r"""Ry(pi / 2).
.. math::
Y^{\frac{1}{2}} =
\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}
\begin{bmatrix}
1 & - 1 \\
1 & 1
\end{bmatrix}
"""
return Ry(math.pi / 2, **qu_opts)
[docs]@functools.lru_cache(4)
def Zsqrt(**qu_opts):
r"""Rz(pi / 2).
.. math::
Z^{\frac{1}{2}} =
\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}
\begin{bmatrix}
1 - i & 0 \\
0 & 1 + i
\end{bmatrix}
"""
return Rz(math.pi / 2, **qu_opts)
[docs]@functools.lru_cache(4)
def Wsqrt(**qu_opts):
r"""R[X + Y](pi / 2).
.. math::
W^{\frac{1}{2}} =
\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}
\begin{bmatrix}
1 & -\sqrt{i} \\
\sqrt{-i} & 1
\end{bmatrix}
"""
return U_gate(math.pi / 2, -math.pi / 4, math.pi / 4, **qu_opts)
[docs]@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=8)
def swap(dim=2, dtype=complex, **kwargs):
"""The SWAP operator acting on subsystems of dimension `dim`.
"""
S = np.identity(dim**2, dtype=dtype)
S = (S.reshape([dim, dim, dim, dim])
.transpose([0, 3, 1, 2])
.reshape([dim**2, dim**2]))
S = qu(S, dtype=dtype, **kwargs)
make_immutable(S)
return S
[docs]@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=128)
def fsim(theta, phi, dtype=complex, **kwargs):
r"""The 'fermionic simulation' gate:
.. math::
\mathrm{fsim}(\theta, \phi) =
\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 0 & 0 & 0\\
0 & \cos(\theta) & -i sin(\theta) & 0\\
0 & -i sin(\theta) & \cos(\theta) & 0\\
0 & 0 & 0 & \exp(-i \phi)
\end{bmatrix}
Note that ``theta`` and ``phi`` should be specified in radians and the sign
convention with this gate varies. Here for example,
``fsim(- pi / 2, 0) == iswap()``.
"""
from cmath import cos, sin, exp
a = cos(theta)
b = -1j * sin(theta)
c = exp(-1j * phi)
gate = [[1, 0, 0, 0],
[0, a, b, 0],
[0, b, a, 0],
[0, 0, 0, c]]
gate = qu(gate, dtype=dtype, **kwargs)
make_immutable(gate)
return gate
[docs]@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=256)
def fsimg(theta, zeta, chi, gamma, phi, dtype=complex, **kwargs):
r"""The 'fermionic simulation' gate, with:
* :math:`\theta` is the iSWAP angle
* :math:`\phi` is the controlled-phase angle
* :math:`\zeta, \chi, \gamma` are single-qubit phase angles.
.. math::
\mathrm{fsimg}(\theta, \zeta, \chi, \gamma, \phi) =
\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 0 & 0 & 0\\
0 & \exp(-i(\gamma +\zeta )) \cos(\theta) &
-i \exp(-i(\gamma - \chi )) sin(\theta) & 0\\
0 & -i \exp(-i(\gamma + \chi )) sin(\theta) &
\exp(-i(\gamma - \zeta )) \cos(\theta) & 0\\
0 & 0 & 0 & \exp(-i (\phi +2 \gamma))
\end{bmatrix}
See Equation 18 of https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.07965. Note that ``theta``,
``phi``, ``zeta``, ``chi``, ``gamma`` should be specified in radians and
the sign convention with this gate varies. Here for example,
``fsimg(- pi / 2, 0, 0, 0,0) == iswap()``.
"""
from cmath import cos, sin, exp
a1 = exp(-1j * (gamma + zeta)) * cos(theta)
a2 = exp(-1j * (gamma - zeta)) * cos(theta)
b1 = -1j * exp(-1j * (gamma - chi)) * sin(theta)
b2 = -1j * exp(-1j * (gamma + chi)) * sin(theta)
c = exp(-1j * (phi + 2 * gamma))
gate = [[1, 0, 0, 0],
[0, a1, b1, 0],
[0, b2, a2, 0],
[0, 0, 0, c]]
gate = qu(gate, dtype=dtype, **kwargs)
make_immutable(gate)
return gate
@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=4)
def iswap(dtype=complex, **kwargs):
iswap = qu([[1., 0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 1j, 0.],
[0., 1j, 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., 1.]], dtype=dtype, **kwargs)
make_immutable(iswap)
return iswap
[docs]def ncontrolled_gate(ncontrol, gate, dtype=complex, sparse=False):
"""Build an n-qubit controlled gate. The control qubits are the
first ``ncontrol`` qubits.
Parameters
----------
ncontrol : int
The number of control qubits.
gate : array_like
The gate to apply to the controlled qubit(s).
dtype : str
The data type of the returned matrix.
sparse : bool
Whether to return a sparse matrix.
Returns
-------
C : qarray
The n-qubit controlled gate.
"""
dG = gate.shape[0]
d = 2**ncontrol * dG
# build gate dense and dtype='complex128'
op = np.identity(d, dtype='complex128')
op[-dG:, -dG:] = gate
# then convert to desired dtype and format
op = qu(op, dtype=dtype, sparse=sparse)
return op
[docs]@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=16)
def controlled(s, dtype=complex, sparse=False):
"""Construct a controlled pauli gate for two qubits.
Parameters
----------
s : str
Which pauli to use, including 'not' aliased to 'x'.
sparse : bool, optional
Whether to construct a sparse operator.
Returns
-------
C : qarray
The controlled two-qubit gate operator.
"""
# alias not and NOT to x
s = {'NOT': 'x', 'not': 'x'}.get(s, s)
gate = pauli(s)
op = ncontrolled_gate(1, gate, dtype=dtype, sparse=sparse)
make_immutable(op)
return op
[docs]@functools.lru_cache(8)
def CNOT(dtype=complex, sparse=False):
"""The controlled-not gate.
"""
return controlled('not', dtype=dtype, sparse=sparse)
[docs]@functools.lru_cache(8)
def cX(dtype=complex, sparse=False):
"""The controlled-X gate.
"""
return controlled('not', dtype=dtype, sparse=sparse)
[docs]@functools.lru_cache(8)
def cY(dtype=complex, sparse=False):
"""The controlled-Y gate.
"""
return controlled('Y', dtype=dtype, sparse=sparse)
[docs]@functools.lru_cache(8)
def cZ(dtype=complex, sparse=False):
"""The controlled-Z gate.
"""
return controlled('Z', dtype=dtype, sparse=sparse)
[docs]@functools.lru_cache(8)
def ccX(dtype=complex, sparse=False):
"""The double controlled X gate.
"""
op = ncontrolled_gate(2, pauli('X'), dtype=dtype, sparse=sparse)
make_immutable(op)
return op
[docs]@functools.lru_cache(8)
def ccY(dtype=complex, sparse=False):
"""The double controlled Y gate.
"""
op = ncontrolled_gate(2, pauli('Y'), dtype=dtype, sparse=sparse)
make_immutable(op)
return op
[docs]@functools.lru_cache(8)
def ccZ(dtype=complex, sparse=False):
"""The double controlled Z gate.
"""
op = ncontrolled_gate(2, pauli('Z'), dtype=dtype, sparse=sparse)
make_immutable(op)
return op
[docs]@functools.lru_cache(8)
def controlled_swap(dtype=complex, sparse=False):
"""The controlled swap or Fredkin gate. The control qubit is the first
qubit, if in state |1> a swap is performed on the last two qubits.
"""
op = ncontrolled_gate(1, swap(), dtype=dtype, sparse=sparse)
make_immutable(op)
return op
cswap = controlled_swap
fredkin = controlled_swap
toffoli = ccX
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
# Hamiltonians #
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
[docs]def hamiltonian_builder(fn):
"""Wrap a function to perform some generic postprocessing and take the
kwargs ``stype`` and ``sparse``. This assumes the core function always
builds the hamiltonian in sparse form. The wrapper then:
1. Checks if the operator is real and, if so, discards imaginary part if no
explicity `dtype` was given
2. Converts the operator to dense or the correct sparse form
3. Makes the operator immutable so it can be safely cached
"""
@functools.wraps(fn)
def ham_fn(*args, stype='csr', sparse=False, **kwargs):
H = fn(*args, **kwargs)
if kwargs.get('dtype', None) is None and isreal(H):
H = H.real
if not sparse:
H = qarray(H.A)
elif H.format != stype:
H = H.asformat(stype)
make_immutable(H)
return H
return ham_fn
[docs]@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=8)
@hamiltonian_builder
def ham_heis(n, j=1.0, b=0.0, cyclic=False,
parallel=False, nthreads=None, ownership=None):
"""Constructs the nearest neighbour 1d heisenberg spin-1/2 hamiltonian.
Parameters
----------
n : int
Number of spins.
j : float or tuple(float, float, float), optional
Coupling constant(s), with convention that positive =
antiferromagnetic. Can supply scalar for isotropic coupling or
vector ``(jx, jy, jz)``.
b : float or tuple(float, float, float), optional
Magnetic field, defaults to z-direction only if tuple not given.
cyclic : bool, optional
Whether to couple the first and last spins.
sparse : bool, optional
Whether to return the hamiltonian in sparse form.
stype : str, optional
What format of sparse operator to return if ``sparse``.
parallel : bool, optional
Whether to build the operator in parallel. By default will do this
for n > 16.
nthreads : int optional
How mny threads to use in parallel to build the operator.
ownership : (int, int), optional
If given, which range of rows to generate.
kwargs
Supplied to :func:`~quimb.core.quimbify`.
Returns
-------
H : immutable operator
The Hamiltonian.
"""
dims = (2,) * n
try:
jx, jy, jz = j
except TypeError:
jx = jy = jz = j
try:
bx, by, bz = b
except TypeError:
bz = b
bx = by = 0.0
parallel = (n > 16) if parallel is None else parallel
op_kws = {'sparse': True, 'stype': 'coo'}
ikron_kws = {'sparse': True, 'stype': 'coo',
'coo_build': True, 'ownership': ownership}
# The basic operator (interaction and single b-field) that can be repeated.
two_site_term = sum(
j * kron(spin_operator(s, **op_kws), spin_operator(s, **op_kws))
for j, s in zip((jx, jy, jz), 'xyz')
) - sum(
b * kron(spin_operator(s, **op_kws), eye(2, **op_kws))
for b, s in zip((bx, by, bz), 'xyz') if b != 0.0
)
single_site_b = sum(-b * spin_operator(s, **op_kws)
for b, s in zip((bx, by, bz), 'xyz') if b != 0.0)
def gen_term(i):
# special case: the last b term needs to be added manually
if i == -1:
return ikron(single_site_b, dims, n - 1, **ikron_kws)
# special case: the interaction between first and last spins if cyclic
if i == n - 1:
return sum(
j * ikron(spin_operator(s, **op_kws),
dims, [0, n - 1], **ikron_kws)
for j, s in zip((jx, jy, jz), 'xyz') if j != 0.0)
# General term, on-site b-field plus interaction with next site
return ikron(two_site_term, dims, [i, i + 1], **ikron_kws)
terms_needed = range(0 if not any((bx, by, bz)) else -1,
n if cyclic else n - 1)
if parallel:
pool = get_thread_pool(nthreads)
ham = par_reduce(operator.add, pool.map(gen_term, terms_needed))
else:
ham = sum(map(gen_term, terms_needed))
return ham
[docs]def ham_ising(n, jz=1.0, bx=1.0, **ham_opts):
"""Generate the quantum transverse field ising model hamiltonian. This is a
simple alias for :func:`~quimb.gen.operators.ham_heis` with Z-interactions
and an X-field.
"""
return ham_heis(n, j=(0, 0, jz), b=(bx, 0, 0), **ham_opts)
[docs]def ham_XY(n, jxy, bz, **ham_opts):
"""Generate the quantum transverse field XY model hamiltonian. This is a
simple alias for :func:`~quimb.gen.operators.ham_heis` with
X- and Y-interactions and a Z-field.
"""
return ham_heis(n, j=(jxy, jxy, 0), b=(0, 0, bz), **ham_opts)
[docs]def ham_XXZ(n, delta, jxy=1.0, **ham_opts):
"""Generate the XXZ-model hamiltonian. This is a
simple alias for :func:`~quimb.gen.operators.ham_heis` with matched
X- and Y-interactions and ``delta`` Z coupling.
"""
return ham_heis(n, j=(jxy, jxy, delta), b=0, **ham_opts)
[docs]@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=8)
@hamiltonian_builder
def ham_j1j2(n, j1=1.0, j2=0.5, bz=0.0, cyclic=False, ownership=None):
"""Generate the j1-j2 hamiltonian, i.e. next nearest neighbour
interactions.
Parameters
----------
n : int
Number of spins.
j1 : float, optional
Nearest neighbour coupling strength.
j2 : float, optional
Next nearest neighbour coupling strength.
bz : float, optional
B-field strength in z-direction.
cyclic : bool, optional
Cyclic boundary conditions.
sparse : bool, optional
Return hamiltonian as sparse-csr operator.
ownership : (int, int), optional
If given, which range of rows to generate.
kwargs
Supplied to :func:`~quimb.core.quimbify`.
Returns
-------
H : immutable operator
The Hamiltonian.
"""
dims = (2,) * n
op_kws = {'sparse': True, 'stype': 'coo'}
ikron_kws = {'sparse': True, 'stype': 'coo',
'coo_build': True, 'ownership': ownership}
sxyz = [spin_operator(i, **op_kws) for i in 'xyz']
coosj1 = np.array([(i, i + 1) for i in range(n)])
coosj2 = np.array([(i, i + 2) for i in range(n)])
if cyclic:
coosj1, coosj2 = coosj1 % n, coosj2 % n
else:
coosj1 = coosj1[np.all(coosj1 < n, axis=1)]
coosj2 = coosj2[np.all(coosj2 < n, axis=1)]
def j1_terms():
for coo in coosj1:
if abs(coo[1] - coo[0]) == 1: # can sum then tensor (faster)
yield ikron(sum(op & op for op in sxyz),
dims, coo, **ikron_kws)
else: # tensor then sum (slower)
yield sum(ikron(op, dims, coo, **ikron_kws) for op in sxyz)
def j2_terms():
for coo in coosj2:
if abs(coo[1] - coo[0]) == 2: # can add then tensor (faster)
yield ikron(sum(op & eye(2, **op_kws) & op for op in sxyz),
dims, coo, **ikron_kws)
else:
yield sum(ikron(op, dims, coo, **ikron_kws) for op in sxyz)
ham = j1 * sum(j1_terms()) + j2 * sum(j2_terms())
if bz != 0:
gen_bz = (ikron([sxyz[2]], dims, i, **ikron_kws) for i in range(n))
ham += bz * sum(gen_bz)
return ham
def _gen_mbl_random_factors(n, dh, dh_dim, dh_dist, seed=None, beta=None):
# sort out a vector of noise strengths -> e.g. (0, 0, 1) for z-noise only
if isinstance(dh, (tuple, list)):
dhds = dh
else:
dh_dim = {0: '', 1: 'z', 2: 'xy', 3: 'xyz'}.get(dh_dim, dh_dim)
dhds = tuple((dh if d in dh_dim else 0) for d in 'xyz')
if seed is not None:
np.random.seed(seed)
# sort out the noise distribution
if dh_dist in {'g', 'gauss', 'gaussian', 'normal'}:
rs = np.random.randn(3, n)
elif dh_dist in {'s', 'flat', 'square', 'uniform', 'box'}:
rs = 2.0 * np.random.rand(3, n) - 1.0
elif dh_dist in {'qp', 'quasiperiodic', 'qr', 'quasirandom'}:
if dh_dim != 'z':
raise ValueError("dh_dim should be 1 or 'z' for dh_dist='qp'.")
if beta is None:
beta = (5**0.5 - 1) / 2
# the random phase
delta = 2 * np.pi * np.random.rand()
# make sure get 3 by n different strengths
inds = np.broadcast_to(range(n), (3, n))
rs = np.cos(2 * np.pi * beta * inds + delta)
return dhds, rs
[docs]@hamiltonian_builder
def ham_mbl(n, dh, j=1.0, bz=0.0, cyclic=False,
seed=None, dh_dist="s", dh_dim=1, beta=None, ownership=None):
""" Constructs a heisenberg hamiltonian with isotropic coupling and
random fields acting on each spin - the many-body localized (MBL)
spin hamiltonian.
Parameters
----------
n : int
Number of spins.
dh : float or (float, float, float)
Strength of random fields (stdev of gaussian distribution), can be
scalar (isotropic noise) or 3-vector for (x, y, z) directions.
j : float or (float, float, float), optional
Coupling strength, can be scalar (isotropic) or 3-vector.
bz : float, optional
Global magnetic field (in z-direction).
cyclic : bool, optional
Whether to use periodic boundary conditions.
seed : int, optional
Number to seed random number generator with.
dh_dist : {'g', 's', 'qr'}, optional
Type of random distribution for the noise:
- "s": square, with bounds ``(-dh, dh)``
- "g": gaussian, with standard deviation ``dh``
- "qp": quasi periodic, with amplitude ``dh`` and
'wavenumber' ``beta`` so that the field at site ``i`` is
``dh * cos(2 * pi * beta * i + delta)`` with ``delta`` a random
offset between ``(0, 2 * pi)``, possibly seeded by ``seed``.
dh_dim : {1, 2, 3} or str, optional
The number of dimensions the noise acts in, or string
specifier like ``'yz'``.
beta : float, optional
The wave number if ``dh_dist='qr'``, defaults to the golden
ratio``(5**0.5 - 1) / 2``.
sparse : bool, optional
Whether to construct the hamiltonian in sparse form.
stype : {'csr', 'csc', 'coo'}, optional
The sparse format.
ownership : (int, int), optional
If given, which range of rows to generate.
kwargs
Supplied to :func:`~quimb.core.quimbify`.
Returns
-------
H : operator
The MBL hamiltonian for spin-1/2.
See Also
--------
MPO_ham_mbl
"""
dhds, rs = _gen_mbl_random_factors(n, dh, dh_dim, dh_dist, seed, beta)
# the base hamiltonian ('csr' is most efficient format to add with)
ham = ham_heis(n=n, j=j, b=bz, cyclic=cyclic,
sparse=True, stype='csr', ownership=ownership)
op_kws = {'sparse': True, 'stype': 'coo'}
ikron_kws = {'sparse': True, 'stype': 'coo',
'coo_build': True, 'ownership': ownership}
def dh_terms():
for i in range(n):
# dhd - the total strength in direction x, y, or z
# r - the random strength in direction x, y, or z for site i
hdh = sum(dhd * r * spin_operator(s, **op_kws)
for dhd, r, s in zip(dhds, rs[:, i], 'xyz'))
yield ikron(hdh, (2,) * n, i, **ikron_kws)
ham = ham + sum(dh_terms())
return ham
[docs]@hamiltonian_builder
def ham_heis_2D(n, m, j=1.0, bz=0.0, cyclic=False,
parallel=False, ownership=None):
r"""Construct the 2D spin-1/2 heisenberg model hamiltonian:
.. math::
\hat{H} = \sum_{<i, j>}
J_X S^X_i S^X_j +
J_Y S^Y_i S^Y_j +
J_Z S^Z_i S^Z_j
where the sum runs over pairs :math:`<i,j>` on a 2D square lattice.
Parameters
----------
n : int
The number of rows.
m : int
The number of columns.
j : float or (float, float, float), optional
The coupling strength(s). Isotropic if scalar else if
vector ``(Jx, Jy, Jz) = j``.
bz : float, optional
The z direction magnetic field.
cyclic : bool, optional
Whether to use periodic boundary conditions.
sparse : bool, optional
Whether to construct the hamiltonian in sparse form.
stype : {'csr', 'csc', 'coo'}, optional
The sparse format.
parallel : bool, optional
Construct the hamiltonian in parallel. Faster but might use more
memory.
ownership : (int, int), optional
If given, which range of rows to generate.
kwargs
Supplied to :func:`~quimb.core.quimbify`.
Returns
-------
H : operator
The hamiltonian.
"""
# parse interaction strengths
try:
jx, jy, jz = j
except (TypeError, ValueError):
jx = jy = jz = j
js = {s: js for s, js in zip("xyz", [jx, jy, jz]) if js != 0.0}
dims = [[2] * m] * n # shape (n, m)
sites = tuple(itertools.product(range(n), range(m)))
# generate neighbouring pair coordinates
def gen_pairs():
for i, j in sites:
above, right = (i + 1) % n, (j + 1) % m
# ignore wraparound coordinates if not cyclic
if cyclic or above != 0:
yield ((i, j), (above, j))
if cyclic or right != 0:
yield ((i, j), (i, right))
# generate all pairs of coordinates and directions
pairs_ss = tuple(itertools.product(gen_pairs(), js))
# build the hamiltonian in sparse 'coo' format always for efficiency
op_kws = {'sparse': True, 'stype': 'coo'}
ikron_kws = {'sparse': True, 'stype': 'coo',
'coo_build': True, 'ownership': ownership}
# generate XX, YY and ZZ interaction from
# e.g. arg ([(3, 4), (3, 5)], 'z')
def interactions(pair_s):
pair, s = pair_s
Sxyz = spin_operator(s, **op_kws)
return ikron([js[s] * Sxyz, Sxyz], dims, inds=pair, **ikron_kws)
# generate Z field
def fields(site):
Sz = spin_operator('z', **op_kws)
return ikron(bz * Sz, dims, inds=[site], **ikron_kws)
if not parallel:
# combine all terms
all_terms = itertools.chain(
map(interactions, pairs_ss),
map(fields, sites) if bz != 0.0 else ())
H = functools.reduce(operator.add, all_terms)
else:
pool = get_thread_pool()
all_terms = itertools.chain(
pool.map(interactions, pairs_ss),
pool.map(fields, sites) if bz != 0.0 else ())
H = par_reduce(operator.add, all_terms)
return H
[docs]def uniq_perms(xs):
"""Generate all the unique permutations of sequence ``xs``.
Examples
--------
>>> list(uniq_perms('0011'))
[('0', '0', '1', '1'),
('0', '1', '0', '1'),
('0', '1', '1', '0'),
('1', '0', '0', '1'),
('1', '0', '1', '0'),
('1', '1', '0', '0')]
"""
if len(xs) == 1:
yield (xs[0],)
else:
uniq_xs = unique(xs)
for first_x in uniq_xs:
rem_xs = list(xs)
rem_xs.remove(first_x)
for sub_perm in uniq_perms(rem_xs):
yield (first_x,) + sub_perm
[docs]@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=8)
def zspin_projector(n, sz=0, stype="csr", dtype=float):
"""Construct the projector onto spin-z subpspaces.
Parameters
----------
n : int
Total size of spin system.
sz : float or sequence of floats
Spin-z value(s) subspace(s) to find projector for.
stype : str
Sparse format of the output operator.
dtype : {float, complex}, optional
The data type of the operator to generate.
Returns
-------
prj : immutable sparse operator, shape (2**n, D)
The (non-square) projector onto the specified subspace(s). The subspace
size ``D`` is given by ``n choose (n / 2 + s)`` for each ``s``
specified in ``sz``.
Examples
--------
>>> zspin_projector(n=2, sz=0).A
array([[0., 0.],
[1., 0.],
[0., 1.],
[0., 0.]]
Project a 9-spin Heisenberg-Hamiltonian into its spin-1/2 subspace:
>>> H = ham_heis(9, sparse=True)
>>> H.shape
(512, 512)
>>> P = zspin_projector(n=9, sz=1 / 2)
>>> H0 = P.T @ H @ P
>>> H0.shape
(126, 126)
"""
if not isiterable(sz):
sz = (sz,)
p = 0
all_perms = []
for s in sz:
# Number of 'up' spins
k = n / 2 + s
if not k.is_integer():
raise ValueError(f"{s} is not a valid spin half subspace for {n} "
"spins.")
k = int(round(k))
# Size of subspace
p += comb(n, k, exact=True)
# Find all computational basis states with correct number of 0s and 1s
base_perm = '0' * (n - k) + '1' * k
all_perms += [uniq_perms(base_perm)]
# Coordinates
cis = tuple(range(p)) # arbitrary basis
cjs = tuple(int("".join(perm), 2) for perm in concat(all_perms))
# Construct matrix which projects only on to these basis states
prj = sp.coo_matrix((np.ones(p, dtype=dtype), (cjs, cis)),
shape=(2**n, p), dtype=dtype)
prj = qu(prj, stype=stype, dtype=dtype)
make_immutable(prj)
return prj
[docs]@functools.lru_cache(8)
def create(n=2, **qu_opts):
"""The creation operator acting on an n-level system.
"""
data = np.zeros((n, n))
for i in range(n):
data[i, i - 1] = i ** 0.5
ap = qu(data, **qu_opts)
make_immutable(ap)
return ap
[docs]@functools.lru_cache(8)
def destroy(n=2, **qu_opts):
"""The annihilation operator acting on an n-level system.
"""
am = create(n, **qu_opts).T.copy()
make_immutable(am)
return am
[docs]@functools.lru_cache(8)
def num(n, **qu_opts):
"""The number operator acting on an n-level system.
"""
ap, am = create(n, **qu_opts), destroy(n, **qu_opts)
an = qu(ap @ am, **qu_opts)
make_immutable(an)
return an
[docs]@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=8)
@hamiltonian_builder
def ham_hubbard_hardcore(n, t=0.5, V=1., mu=1., cyclic=False,
parallel=False, ownership=None):
"""Generate the spinless fermion hopping hamiltonian.
Parameters
----------
n : int
The number of sites.
t : float, optional
The hopping energy.
V : float, optional
The interaction energy.
mu : float, optional
The chemical potential - defaults to half-filling.
cyclic : bool, optional
Whether to use periodic boundary conditions.
parallel : bool, optional
Construct the hamiltonian in parallel. Faster but might use more
memory.
ownership : (int, int), optional
If given, which range of rows to generate.
kwargs
Supplied to :func:`~quimb.core.quimbify`.
Returns
-------
H : operator
The hamiltonian.
"""
op_kws = {'sparse': True, 'stype': 'coo'}
ikron_kws = {'sparse': True, 'stype': 'csr',
'coo_build': True, 'ownership': ownership}
cdag, c, cnum = (f(2, **op_kws) for f in (create, destroy, num))
neighbor_term = t * ((cdag & c) + (c & cdag)) + V * (cnum & cnum)
dims = [2] * n
def terms():
# interacting terms
for i, j in [(i, i + 1) for i in range(n - 1)]:
yield ikron(neighbor_term, dims, (i, j), **ikron_kws)
if cyclic:
# can't sum terms and kron later since identity in middle
yield ikron([t * cdag, c], dims, (0, n - 1), **ikron_kws)
yield ikron([t * c, cdag], dims, (0, n - 1), **ikron_kws)
yield ikron([V * cnum, cnum], dims, (0, n - 1), **ikron_kws)
# single site terms
for i in range(n):
yield ikron(-mu * cnum, dims, i, **ikron_kws)
if parallel is None:
parallel = (n >= 14)
if parallel:
return par_reduce(operator.add, terms())
return functools.reduce(operator.add, terms())